Course Number and Title:
BIO 121 Anatomy and Physiology II
Campus Location
- Dover
- Georgetown
- Wilmington
- Stanton
Prerequisites
Prerequisite: BIO 120
Course Credits and Hours
5 credit(s)
4 lecture hours/week
2 lab hours/week
Course Description
This course covers the structure and function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems of humans; metabolism; fluid and acid-base balance; and genetics. Coordinated laboratory experiments are an integral part of this course.
Additional Materials
Dissection Kit, Disposable Gloves, Lab Coat
Core Course Performance Objectives (CCPOs)
- Explain the role of the anatomy, histology and physiology of the cardiovascular system (including the blood) that allow this organ system to function. (CCC 2, 6)
- Examine the linkage between lymphatic and immune systems and explain their role in maintaining homeostasis. (CCC 2,6)
- Explain how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the respiratory system allow it to function. (CCC 2, 6)
- Identify the major nutrient classes and describe how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the digestive system allow the breakdown and absorption of vital nutrients. (CCC 2, 6)
- Examine the metabolism of the human body with emphasis on cellular components and basic reactions of cellular respiration. (CCC 2, 6)
- Explain how the anatomy, histology, physiology and chemistry of the urinary system perform multiple functions including homeostasis of bodily fluids. (CCC 2, 6)
- Explain how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the reproductive systems enable them to perform their functions including the role of the female reproductive system in embryonic development. (CCC 2, 6)
- Describe and apply the principles, terminology, and processes of human genetics. (CCC 2, 6)
- Perform required laboratory exercises that support the course objectives. (CCC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
See Core Curriculum Competencies and Program Graduate Competencies at the end of the syllabus. CCPOs are linked to every competency they develop.
Measurable Performance Objectives (MPOs)
Upon completion of this course, the student will:
- Explain the role of the anatomy, histology and physiology of the cardiovascular system (including the blood) that allow this organ system to function.
- Explain how the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems together form the circulatory system.
- Define the various bodily fluids with emphasis between them.
- Describe the anatomy of the heart including internal structures and coronary circulation.
- Trace the path of blood through the heart, the pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation.
- Compare the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
- Define the portal systems and their significance.
- Describe the origin of heartbeat, the conduction system, and the spread of electrical activity in the heart.
- Describe the electrical, mechanical, and pressure changes that define the cardiac cycle.
- Explain the intrinsic and extrinsic control of the heart rate.
- Define cardiac output, and its importance to cardiac output, blood volume, and to blood pressure.
- Discuss the importance of peripheral resistance: blood viscosity, vessel length and diameter for the cardiovascular system.
- Differentiate between systolic and diastolic arterial pressure.
- Discuss the factors that affect venous return to the heart.
- Describe the components of the blood and their function.
- Describe the structure and function of the erythrocyte and hemoglobin.
- Describe the leukocytes using functional and structural differences.
- Describe the production of all blood cell types from bone marrow stem cells.
- Explain the significance of differential white blood cell (WBC) count, and list normal values.
- Describe hemostasis, including the roles of platelets, clotting factors, and the factors required for clot dissolution.
- Explain the ABO and Rh blood groups.
- Examine the linkage between lymphatic and immune systems and explain their role in maintaining homeostasis.
- Describe the components of the lymphatic system.
- Describe the location and structure of primary and secondary lymphatic organs including the lymph nodes.
- Compare structure and function of lymphatic vessels to blood vessels.
- Trace the pathway of lymph from the tissues to the major lymphatic ducts.
- Differentiate between B and T cells.
- Differentiate between specific and nonspecific immunity.
- Describe nonspecific immune responses.
- Distinguish the specific immune response with emphasis on both humoral and cell mediated responses.
- Define antigen and antibody.
- Distinguish between the function and structure of all antibody types and the formation of antibody-antigen complexes.
- Describe the possible in vivo fate of an antigen-antibody complex including the role of complement and the immune cells.
- Explain active and passive immunity and how each can be achieved.
- Explain how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the respiratory system allow it to function.
- Explain how pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration support the overall process of respiration.
- Describe the organs of the upper and lower respiratory tracts including the epithelial tissues found there.
- Discuss the function of the upper respiratory tract including the epiglottis, vocal cords and structures of the nose.
- Describe the anatomy and histology of the lower respiratory tract.
- Define atmospheric, intrapleural, and alveolar pressure.
- Describe the processes (both muscular and pressure related) that lead to inspiration and expiration.
- Define lung compliance, airway resistance, and conditions that may affect either.
- Describe the relationship of lung perfusion and ventilation.
- Define lung volumes and capacities, including their values.
- Describe the factors driving transport of respiratory gasses into and out of capillaries.
- Describe how the respiratory gasses are carried by the blood.
- Identify the major nutrient classes and describe how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the digestive system allow the breakdown and absorption of vital nutrients.
- Define digestion with an emphasis on the structure and general functions of the digestive organs.
- Define the major classes of nutrient molecules (protein, fat and carbohydrate) with emphasis on chemical structure.
- Describe required micronutrients.
- Describe the mechanism of enzyme action and its importance in digestion.
- Describe the anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal tract including the physical support structures.
- Describe the anatomy, histology and functions of the accessory glands of the digestive system.
- Describe the processes of chewing, swallowing, peristalsis, and segmental movements.
- Describe in detail the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates including all enzymes involved, where these enzymes are produced, the site where the enzymes are active and all secretions required for their digestion.
- Discuss the role of the liver for metabolism, detoxification, and digestion.
- Describe the absorption of nutrients from the digestive system including the site of absorption, the cellular components involved and how the nutrients are distributed within the body.
- Describe the process of feces formation and defecation including the role of the large intestine and the importance of the gut microflora.
- Discuss the nervous and hormonal control of the GI tract.
- Examine the metabolism of the human body with emphasis on cellular components and basic reactions of cellular respiration.
- Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism.
- Define glycolysis with emphasis on substrates, products, and ATP produced.
- Define the citric acid cycle with emphasis on substrates, products, and ATP produced.
- Explain the intersection between lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.
- Explain the role of the electron transport chain, chemiosmosis and ATP synthase in ATP production.
- Describe factors that may alter metabolic rate with an emphasis on hormone and neuronal regulation.
- Explain regulation of body temperature by the hypothalamus.
- Explain how the anatomy, histology, physiology and chemistry of the urinary system perform multiple functions including homeostasis of bodily fluids.
- Describe the multiple roles of the kidney.
- Describe the anatomy and histology of the urinary system.
- Describe the nephron and its importance in kidney function.
- Describe the process of urine formation with details on filtration, reabsorption, and secretion functions of the nephron.
- Describe the kidney processes for regulation of blood pH.
- Describe the actions of Antidiuretic Hormone.
- Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its role in sodium and blood pressure regulation.
- Describe the role of atrial natriuretic hormone in the control of blood pressure.
- Trace the path of urine from the nephron to the end of the urethra.
- Define micturition and the micturition reflex.
- List the body’s major fluid compartments.
- Describe electrolytes with a focus on their function and distribution in bodily fluids.
- Describe the normal pH of the blood.
- Describe acidosis and alkalosis including possible causes of these conditions.
- Describe the physiological buffering systems.
- Describe the interplay of the respiratory and urinary systems to regulate pH.
- Explain how the anatomy, histology and physiology of the reproductive systems enable them to perform their functions including the role of the female reproductive system in embryonic development.
- Explain the functions of the gonads of both the male and female reproductive systems including the gametes and hormones produced by each.
- Describe the anatomy of the male reproductive system with emphasis on the histology of the testes.
- Explain the function of the hypothalamus regarding gonadal physiology.
- Explain spermatogenesis including the role of the epididymis in sperm maturation.
- Describe the functions of the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands and their contribution to the semen.
- Describe the anatomy and function of the penis with emphasis on erection and ejaculation.
- Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system with emphasis on the histology of the ovary.
- Explain oogenesis and the development of the corpus luteum.
- Describe the events of the menstrual cycle with emphasis on changes occurring in the ovaries and uterus.
- Describe the female genitalia and accessory glands including the mammary glands.
- Describe the embryonic development of both reproductive systems.
- Discuss the physiological effects of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), relaxin, and testosterone.
- Describe the changes in the ovum associated with fertilization.
- Describe embryonic and fetal development including the specializations of the fetal cardiovascular system.
- Describe and apply the principles, terminology, and processes of human genetics.
- Describe the process of meiosis and its significance.
- Define both haploid and diploid and relate them to the normal human chromosome number.
- Explain Mendel’s principles of inheritance: dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
- Describe the chromosomal theory of inheritance, homologous chromosomes, genes and alleles, genotype and phenotype.
- Describe, with examples, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
- Describe the inheritance of autosomal dominant and recessive traits, including cases of incomplete dominance and codominance.
- Explain the inheritance of sex and sex–linked inheritance.
- Define nondisjunction and explain its significance.
- Perform required laboratory exercises that support the course objectives.
- Perform laboratory exercises to support the course objectives.
Evaluation Criteria/Policies
The grade will be determined using the Delaware Tech grading system:
| 90-100 |
= |
A |
| 80-89 |
= |
B |
| 70-79 |
= |
C |
| 0-69 |
= |
F |
Students should refer to the
Catalog/Student Handbook for information on the Academic Standing Policy, the Academic Integrity Policy, Student Rights and Responsibilities, and other policies relevant to their academic progress.
Program Graduate Competencies (PGCs are the competencies every graduate will develop specific to his or her major)
None
Core Curriculum Competencies (CCCs are the competencies every graduate will develop)
- Apply clear and effective communication skills.
- Use critical thinking to solve problems.
- Collaborate to achieve a common goal.
- Demonstrate professional and ethical conduct.
- Use information literacy for effective vocational and/or academic research.
- Apply quantitative reasoning and/or scientific inquiry to solve practical problems.
Students in Need of Accommodations Due to a Disability
We value all individuals and provide an inclusive environment that fosters equity and student success. The College is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities. Students are encouraged to schedule an appointment with the campus Disabilities Support Counselor to request an accommodation needed due to a disability. The College's policy on accommodations for persons with disabilities can be found in the College's Guide to Requesting Academic Accommodations and/or Auxiliary Aids Students may also access the Guide and contact information for Disabilities Support Counselors through the Student Resources web page under Disabilities Support Services, or visit the campus Advising Center.